On behalf of the Editorial Board, I take this opportunity to welcome all our revered readership to this 9th edition of the Africa Journal of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (AfriTVET). In the same vein, I wish to acknowledge all contributors whose scholarly work met the approval of our professional team of reviewers after a rigorous review process. Many thanks also go to the editorial board for their tireless commitment in delivering this Edition. We also recognize the continued support extended by the Management and Board of Governors of Rift Valley Technical Training Institute (RVTTI), which is a Centre of Excellence for TVET in the region. This edition, therefore brings us more insights, perceptions and findings, from the well-researched articles on selected thematic areas from; Science, Technology and Innovation in TVET for Sustainable Economic Development. In the current edition, we have very insightful papers from research work focusing on the influence of technology in value creation and poverty alleviation amongst rural enterprises, role of online training, equity and social inclusion in higher education and latest developments in renewable energy sources in Kenya. In a paper by Kipkoech & Kerre, the authors have assessed the Trainers’ competence in implementing online teaching and learning in TVET, which is affected by the ever-changing technological environment and digitization of education. The study revealed that trainers had difficulty using the e-Learning platform provided, due to the inadequate training that they had received and the complex system used. The trainers preferred other platforms which were user- friendly for e-Learning. Huho et al. addressed the importance of reinforcing university entrepreneurship education for poverty alleviation. This study examined the apiculture knowledge in Kajiado County, Kenya, for ecological sustainability, food security, and economic empowerment. The study recommends that traditional beekeepers be supported through the provision of relevant knowledge of beekeeping and modern equipment in order to increase both the quantity and quality of honey production for enhanced food security, economic empowerment and ecological sustainability. Another paper in this edition by Kevin Otieno addresses the factors affecting learners enrollment into STEM programs in TVET institutions within Kisumu County. The study found out that socioeconomic factors; parents’ level of education and personal factors (self-motivation, confidence and attainment of social and academic satisfaction) are the key factors influencing the trainees’ enrollment into STEM programmes in TVET institutions within the County. The study recommended that trainees, both male and females, should be given equal opportunities to pursue their careers in STEM. The contributions in this 9 th edition of AfriTVET journal have addressed contemporary research issues, innovations and entrepreneurships in the TVET space and shall be very enlightening to the readers. The proposed recommendations by the esteemed authors will assist in shaping policy decisions in government and other public institutions.

Dr. Samuel G. Waweru, PhD, FIET(K) Editor-in-Chief

This eighth volume contains research based papers that were presented at the 10th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held on 22nd – 24th June, 2022 at the RVTTI Conference hall and Virtual Centre. The theme was “Transformative Research, Innovation and Entrepre- neurship for Sustainable Development”. The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

This seventh volume contains research based papers that were presented at the 9^th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held on 31^st June to 1^st July, 2021 at the RVTTI Conference and Virtual. The theme was “Embracing Change and Building Resilience in TVET in Times of Uncertainty : The COVID-19 Experience and Other Disruptions”.  The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

This sixth volume contains research based papers that were submitted to AfriTVET for publication when the RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference did not take place as a result of COVID 19 restrictions . The revised theme was Safeguarding Sustainability Gains in TVET and Emerging Covid-19 Issues:Trends, Prospects and Challenges . The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them off er new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

This volume contains papers presented at the 8th RVTTI International TVET and Inderdiscilinary Conferemce held on 20th to 22 June 2019. The Theme being "Implementing the SDGs for Green Economies and Societies:The TVET agenda" . The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

This volume contains research based papers that were presented at the 8th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held on June 21st – 23rd June, 2018 at RVTTI. The theme was “Creating Inclusive Foundations for Sustainability: The TVET Context.” The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

The third volume of AfriTVET contains research based papers that were presented at the 6th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held on June 29th – 1st July, 2017 at the RVTTI Conference Room. The theme was “Towards collaborative TVET: Promoting Accelerated Sustainable Development.” The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focused on both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derive from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda.

This second issue contains research based papers that were presented at the 5th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held on 26th – 28th May 2016 at the RVTTI Conference Room. The theme was “Transforming our World: Role of TVET in Sustainable Development Agenda.” The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focusedon both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derived from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts in driving towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Agenda

AfriTVET had its inaugural issue on May 2016. This issue contains research papers presented on the 4th RVTTI International TVET and Interdisciplinary Conference held between 28th and 29th May 2015. Africa Journal of technical & vocational and training(AfriTVET) which is available in both online (ISSN 2518-2722 ) and Print (ISSN 2413-984X). RVTTI Conference Room. The theme was “Interdisciplinary Approach to TVET: Partnerships and Inclusive Pathways.” The annual themes are usually informed by a wide range of theoretical perspectives, innovative in form and content, and focusedon both traditional and emerging topics that affect the world of work. All papers derived from explicit analysis of literature, application of various research methodologies, data analysis and presentations. Most of them offer new facts or ideas to academics, policy makers, and industry and TVET practitioners in varied contexts related to the global interdisciplinary approach to Technical and Vocational Education